Purpose: The study aims to evaluate the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency and its relationship to socio-demographics, as well as type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).

Methodology: A cross-sectional study was carried out among adult residents living in Tabarjal Province. The data collection method used a combination of both stratified random samples and consecutive samples.

Results: The prevalence of participants with vitamin D deficiency was 45.0%. Vitamin D deficiency was found to be significantly related to persons aged 25 to 44 years, females, married, and those with a higher educational level. Type 2 diabetes mellitus was not significantly associated with vitamin D deficiency. Although the prevalence of participants with T2DM was found to be 13.3%, no statistically significant association was found between participants with low vitamin D levels and those with T2DM.

Conclusion: Vitamin D deficiency was quite prevalent in the population under study and was linked to a number of socio-demographic factors, but not to type 2 diabetes mellitus. Larger population study designs may be needed for the generalizability of the above-stated result.

Nursing implications: The nursing professional is instrumental in determining vulnerable groups who are prone to reduced levels of vitamin D. Screening and health education campaigns must be incorporated into primary healthcare programs.